In order to explore the variation and fluctuation of rice production acreage, yield in China from 2009 to 2018, we used the data on the rice annual output and its sown area collected by the National Bureau of Statistics from 2009 to 2018 and analyzed the changes and fluctuations of rice sown area and its yield over the country for the studied time range. In the analysis, the main factors of the rice production, the contribution rate of sown area and yield per unit area to the change of rice yield were took into account. It was found that the rice cropping area in Heilongjiang Province fluctuated greatly, with an average annual fluctuation range of 4.70%. Heilongjiang Province and Hubei Province showed the largest annual output fluctuation, with an average annual fluctuation range of 3.24% and 3.49%, respectively. In terms of the contribution of yield change, the national yield change was dominated by the per unit area yield improvement, with various leading factors for each main province. We should keep the per unit area yield level over the country, curb the decreasing tend on the rice cultivation area and adjust the planting strategies based on the local conditions.