Based on the long-term field positioning experiment, four corn planting patterns, corn monoculture(M-M), corn-sesame intercropping(M-G), corn-peanut intercropping(M-P), and corn-soybean intercropping(M-S), and two treatments in-situ bagged straw burial and non-straw burial, were prepared. Soil samples from the bags and the surrounding soil were collected every 15 days within 135 days after maize planting to explore the effects of buried straw under different intercropping systems on soil nutrient accumulation, microbial biomass, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquisition enzyme activities, and corn yield. The results showed that the intercropping pattern coupled with straw burial could increase the content of available nutrients, promote nutrient absorption by crops, and increase corn yield. Compared with the treatment without straw burial, the treatment with straw burial in the M-P pattern had the largest increase in soil soluble organic carbon, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents, which could increase by 41.9%, 47.7%, and 97.8%, respectively. The soil available potassium content of the treatment with straw burial in the M-S pattern increased by a maximum of 32.8%. Under the treatment with straw burial, compared with the M-M patterns, the corn yields in the M-S and M-P patterns increased by 44.4% and 61.3%, respectively. The intercropping pattern coupled with straw burial could increase soil microbial biomass. Compared with the treatment without straw burial, the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents of the treatment with straw burial in the M-P pattern increased by a maximum of 47.3% and 48.9%, respectively, and the ratios of soil microbial biomass carbon-nitrogen and carbon-phosphorus utilization efficiency decreased by a maximum of 37.6% and 50.8%, respectively. The soil microbial biomass phosphorus content of the treatment with straw burial in the M-S pattern increased by a maximum of 42.8%, and the ratios of soil microbial biomass carbon-nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus utilization efficiency increased by a maximum of 37.9% and 32.1%, respectively. Buried straw enhanced the activities of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquisition enzymes. Compared with the treatment without straw burial, the treatment with straw burial in the M-S pattern had the largest increase in urease, acid phosphatase, cellobiose hydrolase activities, and potential activities of nitrogen acquisition enzymes, which could increase by 95.2%, 59.3%, 35.4%, and 50.6%, respectively; the treatment with straw burial in the M-P pattern had the largest increase in alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, protease activities, and potential activities of phosphorus acquisition enzymes, which could increase by 88.7%, 53.6%, 38.9%, and 24.3%, respectively. The contents of available nutrients under the treatment with straw burial were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with most biochemical functional indicators for soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Therefore, the synergistic effect of intercropping patterns and straw burial could improve soil fertility, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, etc., promote nutrient absorption by corn, and increase corn yield.