Using ‘Huashu No.5’as material, field cultivation experiments were carried out in Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province in 2022 and 2023 to study the effects of different planting patterns on potato growth, soil chemical properties and bacterial community structure. The results showed that the high yield and high efficiency pattern (planting density of 82 500 plants/hm2, 1 125 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 1 500 kg/hm2 organic fertilizer, 750 kg/hm2 bioenzyme activated phosphate fertilizer and 40% zinc sulfate 15 kg/hm2) had higher plant height and stem diameter than the farmer pattern(planting density of 67 500 plants/hm2 and 750 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate compound fertilizer) and high-yield pattern(planting density of 75 000 plants/hm2 and 1 500 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate compound fertilizer). The yield of high-yield and high-efficiency pattern were 28.78 and 46.83 t/hm2, in 2022 and 2023 respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the farmer pattern and high-yield pattern. The soil pH, organic matter(SOM) content and urease activity of high yield and high efficiency pattern were significantly higher than those of the farmer pattern and high yield pattern, and the contents of hydrolytic nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil of the high yield pattern were significantly increased. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze soil bacterial community structure in potato root zone of different patterns, the results showed that the OTUs number, Chao1 index of the high yield pattern were the highest. Principal component analysis showed that the bacterial community composition of these three patterns was quite different. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Deferribacterota at the phylum level and Mucispirillum and Lactobacillus at the genus level in the high yield and efficiency pattern were the highest. Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH, N, P, K, SOM contents and soil urease activity were the main environmental factors affecting the bacterial community structure. SEM analysis showed that soil pH and SOM, N, P, K contents were the main driving factors to improve potato yield and change soil bacterial diversity. In conclusion, high yield and efficiency pattern could promote the growth of potato plants, alleviate soil acidification, and increase the SOM content, the relative abundance of main dominant phylum of soil bacteria in the root zone and the tuber yield.