The study began to design different planting pattern treatments in the rape season at Nanxian no-tillage experimental base in Yiyang City, Hunan Province in 2016. In order to study the effects of different rape and rice planting patterns on soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities under no-tillage conditions, soil samples of four planting patterns were collected, including winter idle-rice(IR), winter idle-rice-rice(IRR), rape-rice(OR), rape-rice-rice (ORR), and soil bulk density, microaggregates, nutrients and enzyme activities were determined from 2018 to 2020. The results showed that there was no difference in soil bulk density between different rape and rice planting patterns in 2018 and 2019, and the soil bulk densities of IR and IRR patterns were significantly higher than those of OR and ORR patterns in 2020. In 2020, the mass fractions of soil microaggregates in the 0.025-1.000 mm size of OR and ORR patterns decreased by 52.04% and 49.41% compared with 2018. The effects of different planting patterns on the mass fractions of large grain microaggregates(>0.010 mm) were greater than those of small grain microaggregates(<0.010 mm). There was no difference in soil organic matter mass fraction among the four patterns in 2018 and 2019. The soil organic matter mass fraction of ORR patterns in 2020 was significantly higher than the other three patterns. In the same year, the soil available K mass fractions of OR and ORR patterns were significantly lower than those of IR and IRR patterns, and the soil cellulase and phosphatase activities in ORR pattern were higher than those in IRR pattern. In conclusion, rape-rice and rape-rice-rice patterns under no-tillage could slow down soil compaction rate, change soil microaggregate composition, delay the decrease rate of organic matter mass fraction, and improve soil cellulase and phosphatase activities.