Nine different planting patterns and straw returning methods combined treatments that T1 (CK, one season rice + winter fallow and rice straw taking away), T2 (NPK, one season rice + Chinese Milk Vetch, rice straw taking away), T3 (NPK, one season rice + Chinese Milk Vetch, rice straw returning), T4 (NP50% K, one season rice + Chinese Milk Vetch, rice straw returning), T5 (NPK, one season rice + winter leisure, whole straw taking away), T6 (NPK, one season rice + rape, whole straw taking away), T7 (NPK, one season rice + rape, whole straw returning), T8 (NPK, one season rice + rape, rice straw returning), T9 (NP50%K, one season rice + rape, rice straw returning), were designed to investigate their effects on the yield using indica conventional rice Huahang 38 as the material from 2016 to 2019. The results showed that as following: (1) Application of NPK had no significant effect on the yield and total aboveground biomass of single-season rice in 2016 and 2017; however, the yield increased by 53.65% and 21.93% in 2018 and 2019, respectively, after the soil base capacity had been exhausted, and both reached significant levels (P<0.05); (2) Except in 2018, winter rape seeding could significantly increase the rice yield (P<0.05); but there was no significant difference in rice yield, height and total aboveground biomass between the treatments of straw returning or taking away (P>0.05); (3) Yield formation were mainly affected by the number of effective panicles per unit area and the total number of grains per panicle which were adjusted by different planting pattern and straw returning methods; (4) Under the condition of green manure seeding + straw returning, 50% reduction of potassium application could still keep the stable yield of single-season rice.