To establish a high-yield and high-efficiency mode of direct seeding cotton in Hunan cotton planting region, we sued the cotton variety JX0010 provided by Hunan Agricultural University as the test material and investigated the sowing dates, sowing depths and covering soil material’s effect on the seedling emergence rate, yield and fiber quality of cotton. The results showed when cotton seeds were saw on June 3 and the sowing depth was 2 cm, the seedling emergence rate and seedling hole rate were the highest, the highest seedling emergence rate and seedling hole rate reached 88% and 95%, respectively. The sowing date had a significant effect on boll number per plant. With the delay of the sowing date, boll number per plant decreased. The results showed that mulch had significant effect on micronaire value, an index of fiber quality of the treatment with 50% substrate plus 50% arable soil as mulch was better. The sowing depth had significant effect on cotton evenness index and spinning evenness index, which increased with the increase of sowing depth. The results showed that the elongation of cotton fiber was significantly affected by sowing date, and the elongation increased significantly with the delay of sowing date. Sowing at the beginning of June with thedepth 2 cm and mixing soil mulching was the optimal cultivation method for Hunan region. It is beneficial to all cotton seedlings in one sowing, achieving the goal of high yield and high quality.