To estimate the maximum theoretical scale of livestock and poultry breeding and the land carrying capacity index of livestock and poultry breeding in Hunan Province and its counties(cities, districts), the relevant statistical data of Hunan Province from 2016 to 2018 were collected and the mixed mode of crops absorbing livestock and poultry manure were adopted with consideration of the actual situation of the breeding industry in this study. The results showed that Hunan Province could accommodate up to 192.729 3 million pig equivalent of livestock and poultry breeding with different breeding strategies in different regions. The land carrying capacity index of nitrogen and phosphorus of livestock and poultry breeding was 36.48% and 38.17% respectively. There was no overload problem of livestock and poultry breeding carrying capacity found, instead a certain development space for livestock and poultry breeding industry exists. The land carrying capacity index of southwest and south Hunan was generally larger than that of northeast and northwest Hunan. Among 122 counties(cities, districts), 4 counties(cities, districts) had livestock land carrying capacity index nitrogen overload, and 8 counties(cities, districts) had livestock land carrying capacity phosphorus overload including Shuangpai County of Yongzhou City being the highest livestock breeding overload with the land carrying capacity index 140.28% for nitrogen and 164.43% for phosphorus respectively. The proportion of potential area, balanced area and overload area of livestock and poultry breeding was 89.3%, 4.1% and 6.6%, respectively.