In order to clarify the relationship between the characteristics of bacterial population and the occurrence of bacterial wilt in flue–cured tobacco, characteristics of soil bacterial population in tobacco fields under different cropping patterns, including continuous cropping (4 years, 8 years and 12 years), rotation methods (tobacco–maize, tobacco–lily and tobacco–radish) and green manure (ryegrass, common vetch and rape) returning to field were analyzed by using Miseq High–Throughput sequencing technique and bioinformatics. Results showed that the longer the continuous cropping underwent, the lower the soil bacterial diversity and homogeneity exhibited in tobacco fields, with loose bacterial ecological networks and bacterial wilt occurrence rate more seriously. The incidence rates of bacterial wilt with successive 8 years and 12 years of continuous cropping were 33.60 times and 33.69 times higher than that with 4 years of continuous cropping, respectively. Tobacco–corn rotation and ryegrass returning could significantly improve the bacterial community structure: during the peak period of bacterial wilt, the bacterial diversity index of tobacco soil was 6.42 and 6.92, respectively; the bacterial uniformity index were 0.81 and 0.85, respectively; and the incidence of bacterial wilt was low, decreased by 59.26% and 95.80%, respectively, compared to tobacco continuous pattern. Acidobacteria and soil total Solanacearum ralstonia was positively correlated to while soil Actinobacteria was negatively correlated to the incidence of tobacco bacterial wilt.