Localized experiments were conducted in paddy field with double cropping system during 2011–2015 to study the effects of conventional tillage(CT) and rotary tillage(RT) on yield，root dry weight and distribution, and the soil fertility indexes, such as density, porosity, field capacity and nutrient were simultaneously determined in this study. Results showed that there were no significant difference on the coefficient of variation of the season yield, average year yield and inter–year yield between CT and RT. The root total dry weights of early and late rice of CT were 7.0%– 22.8% and 4.0%–15.1% (P<0.05) higher than those of RT, respectively; the root dry weight in the layer of 0–10 cm and >10–20 cm of CT was greater than that of RT; the soil density and porosity in the layer of 0–10 cm were not significant different between CT and RT, while the soil density of CT in the layer of >10–20 cm was 6.5%–8.9%(P<0.05)lower than that of RT; the aeration porosity and total porosity of CT were 6.7%–8.8% and 6.2%–8.1% (P<0.05) higher than those of RT, respectively; the field capacities in the layer of 0–10 cm and >10–20 cm of CT were 5.4% and 13.4% (P<0.05) higher than those of RT, respectively; the soil organic matter and total N in the layer of 0–10 cm were not significant different between CT and RT, while the contents of soil organic matter and total N in the layer of >10–20 cm of CT were 8.9%–9.2% and 9.0%–15.2% (P<0.05) higher than those of RT, respectively; the change trends of contents of soil alkaline hydrology N，available P and available K were similar to organic matter.