In order to improve the performance of the whole stalk sugarcane harvester, a 3D model of cutting and feeding system was built to simulate the working process by ADAMS software. In the front of the cutting system, an active feeding roller was added and a rubber with rough surface was used in the screw elevator, to improve the feeding efficiency. The virtual test results showed that the transporting speed of the sugarcane after cutting was improved and the blocking rate was decreased for the optimized structure. Field test resulted indicated that the rate of no damage of the base of sugar cane stalks enhanced from 28.76% to 54.51%, trash content decreased from 4.20% to 2.67%, production efficiency raised from 5.66 t/h to 7.61 t/h.